Class 8 SST Coal and Petrolium

Amend Education Academy Coal and Petroleum

Natural Resources: There are two types of natural resources:

Inexhaustible Natural Resources and Exhaustible Natural Resource

Inexhaustible Natural Resources: Resources which do not exhaust and which are available in plenty in nature are known as inexhaustible natural resources. For example – air, sunlight, etc. Exhaustible Natural Resources: Resources which get exhausted and are not available in nature in plenty and are known as exhaustible natural resources. They take longer to get replenished. For example – coal, petroleum, forest, minerals, etc.

Coal and Petroleum: Coal and petroleum are exhaustible natural resources as their availability is limited in nature. Coal and petroleum are used mainly as fuel. Coal is used as fuel, petroleum products are used to run vehicle and for many other purposes. Coal and petroleum are known as fossil fuels since they are formed from remains of living organism.

Coal Coal is a black coloured stone-like material. Coal is used to produce electricity in thermal power stations. Coal was used to run steam engine till recent years in India. Coal gives carbon dioxide when burnt in air.

Formation of CoalAbout 300 millions year ago, dense forest in low lying lands of earth got buried because of many natural processes. In the due course, they sank deeper and deeper. Inside the earth, because of high pressure and temperature they slowly converted into coal. Such slow process of conversion of dead vegetation into coal is called carbonization.

Coal is considered as fossil fuel as it is formed because of carbonization of dead remains of living organism. Coal is mined from earth and processed to obtain many useful products, such as coal, coke, coal tar, etc.

CokeCoke is almost pure form of carbon. Coke is a porous, black and similar to coal. Coke has high percentage of carbon and very low percent of impurities. It is obtained from destructive distillation of a particular type of coal. Coke is used as fuel, as reducing agent in the smelting of iron ore in blast furnace. It is used in the manufacturing of steel and in the extraction of many types of metals.

Coal Tar : -Coal tar is obtained as one of the by-products while obtaining the coke or coal gas. Coal tar is a highly viscous liquid and brown-black in colour. It is a variable mixture of many substances.

Coal tar is used in the manufacturing of many products; such as synthetic dyes, drugs, explosive, perfumes, plastics, roofing material, etc. as starting material.

Till about two decades ago, coal tar was used as binding material in the making of roads. Now-a-days bitumen is used in making of roads in the place of coal tar.

Coal gas

Coal gas is also one of the by-products in the processing of coke. Coal gas is used as fuel mainly for heating in many industries.

Petroleum

The word petroleum is used for both naturally occurring crude oil and other petroleum products which are obtained after refining of crude oil, such as petrol, diesel, etc. Petrol and diesel are highly consumed fuel today as these are used to run vehicles.

Petroleum is a dark oily liquid having unpleasant odour.

Formation of Petroleum

Petroleum is formed from the dead remains of living organisms which lived in sea and were buried millions of year ago below the sea bed. Because of high pressure and temperature those dead remains were transformed into petroleum. Since, petroleum is the product of dead remains, so it is known as fossil fuel.

Extraction of petroleum

Petroleum is extracted from the reservoir usually found in sea beds and river basin by drilling through pipe lines. Such places where reservoir of petroleum are found and extracted out by drilling are known as oil well.

Refining of Petroleum

After extraction, petroleum is refined to obtain petrol, diesel, lubricating oil, wax, paraffin, bitumen, kerosene, etc. Place where refining process of petroleum is done is called petroleum refinery.

Some of the petroleum products and their uses
Petroleum products	Uses
Petrol	Fuel in motor car, aviation, solvent for dry cleaning
Diesel	Fuel for heavy vehicle, such as trucks, rail engine, small vehicle, such as jeep car, for jet air crafts, small generators, etc.
Liquid Petroleum Gas	Fuel in households, and in vehicles.
Kerosene	Fuel for stoves, jet aircrafts, lamps, etc.
Lubricating oil	Used as lubricants mainly in engines.
Paraffin wax	Used in manufacturing of ointment, candles, cosmetics, etc.
Bitumen	Used in making of paints, road, etc.

Natural Gas

Natural gas is naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas. Natural gas is a mixture of methane, higher alkanes, carbon dioxide, etc. Natural gas is found in deep underground rock formation as fossil fuel. It is one of the most important fuel.

Natural gas can be transported through pipeline and can be compressed to smaller volume. Compressed natural gas (CNG) is used for running vehicle. Natural gas can be used directly for burning as fuel. It is a clean fuel as it creates least pollution.

Natural gas is used as starting material in many industries, such as fertilizer and chemical.

In India natural gas reserves are found in Tripura, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, and Krishna and Godavari delta.

Some Natural Resources are Limited

Petroleum, coal, natural gas, etc. are natural resources but available in limited amount. Thus, it is necessary to use them with care.

Some steps to conserve fossil fuels (Natural Resources):

• Switch off the engine of vehicle when waiting on signals or at other places.
• Drive the vehicle with constant and moderate speed.
• Maintain the correct tyre pressure for low consumption of fuel.
• Maintain the vehicle by regular checking to ensure less consumption of fuel.

·         NCERT Solution

·         Question: 1. What are the advantages of using CNG and LPG as fuels?

·         Answer: Following are the advantages of using CNG and LPG as fuels:

·         (a) They are more efficient

·         (b) They can be easily transported; either in cylinders or through pipelines

·         (c) They are less polluting than other fossil fuels

·         Question: 2. Name the petroleum product used for surfacing of roads.

·         Answer: Bitumen

·         3. Describe how coal is formed from dead vegetation. What is this process called?

·         Answer: - Dead remains of plants got buried under the earth millions of years ago. Due to intense heat and pressure inside the earth they got converted into coal. The process of conversion of dead remains of plants into coal is called carbonization.

·         Question: 4. Fill in the blanks :

·         (a) Fossil fuels are …………, ………… and ……………..

·         Answer: - Coal, Petroleum and Natural gas

·         (b) Process of separation of different constituents from petroleum is called ……………..

·         Answer: Refining

·         (c) Least polluting fuel for vehicle is ………………

·         Answer: CNG

·         Question: 5. Tick True/False against the following statements :

·         (a) Fossil fuels can be made in the laboratory. (F)

·         (b) CNG is more polluting fuel than petrol. (F)

·         (c) Coke is almost pure form of carbon. (T)

·         (d) Coal tar is a mixture of various substances. (T)

·         (e) Kerosene is not a fossil fuel. (F)

·         Question: 6. Explain why fossil fuels are exhaustible natural resources.

·         Answer: It takes millions of years for the formation of fossil fuels. The rate at which we are using them is very fast compared to the rate of their formation. Due to this, fossil fuels are exhaustible in nature.

·         Question: 7. Describe characteristics and uses of coke.

·         Answer: Coke is a type of coal. It is a tough, porous and black substance. It is almost pure form of carbon. Coke burns much cleaner than coal and provides more energy for comparable mass. It is used in manufacture of steel and in extraction of many minerals.

·         Question: 8. Explain the process of formation of petroleum.

·         Answer: The organisms which lived in the sea got buried at the bottom of oceans. Over a period of time, their dead bodies were covered with sediments. Intense pressure and heat under the earth’s layers transformed these organisms into petroleum.