CHAPTER-1
THE NATIONALIST MOVEMENT
IN INDO-CHINA
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
1.Examine
the influence of china on Vietnamese culture and life.
Vietnam was under the shadow of Chinese empire.
(i)
Vietnam followed the Chinese system of government and Chinese culture.
(ii)
Chinese language was the language of the educated Vietnamese people. They followed
Chinese system of education.
(iii)
Confucianism, a Chinese religion had many followers in Vietnam.
(iv)
Vietnam was connected to Maritime silk route.
2.How
did the French establish their colonial domination over
Vietnam?
The French troops reached Vietnam in 1858. They defeated china in a war and got
control over Tonkin and Annam. In 1887, the French Indo-China
was formed.
3.Why
did France and the other European powers think that the colonies were
necessary? Or Examine the importance of colonies for
the European imperialist powers.
Colonies were necessary due to the following reasons:
(i)
They were rich in natural resources. So, they provided raw materials to
European industries.
(ii)
Europeans could use colonies as markets to sell their finished goods.
(iii)
Europeans wanted to spread western culture in the colonies.
4.How
did nationalism develop in Vietnam?
Following factors led to rise of nationalism:-
(i)
Economic exploitation of Vietnam by the French.
(ii)
The French tried to destroy Vietnamese culture and traditions.
(iii)
The French introduced modern education in Vietnam. The students and teachers
played a major role in creating nationalism.
(IV)
Religious movements of Vietnam opposed the French rule because the French
promoted Christianity.
5.What
were the development projects undertaken by France in Vietnam?
(i)
The French built irrigation canals. They drained Mekong delta and encouraged
rice cultivation.
(ii)
They built roads and railway lines. For example:- Trans Indo-China railway route.
(iii)
Rubber plantation was introduced in Vietnam.
(iv)
Land reform measures were undertaken.
(IV)
Modern education was introduced.
6.Why
did the French build canals and drainage systems in Vietnam?
The French built canals and drainage system in order to
develop rice cultivation in Vietnam. Surplus rice could be exported to Europe.
This export trade was highly profitable to the French.
7.Why
did the French build roads and railway network in Vietnam?
(i)
Roads and railways were needed for the fast movement of the army.
(ii)
They were needed to transport raw materials from the interior parts of Vietnam
to the port cities.
8.Why
did the imperialist powers like France decide to take steps to develop the
colonies? Or why did Paul Bernard ask the
French to take steps to develop Vietnam?
According to Paul Bernard, colonies were acquired with the
aim of making profits. If colonies were developed, the standard of living of
the people would improve. The people would demand more and more foreign goods.
So, the French can sell more goods and get more
profits
9.
Name the factors which prevented economic growth in Vietnam.
According to Paul Bernard, following were the barriers to economic growth in
Vietnam:-
(i)
Huge population size.
(ii)
Low agricultural productivity.
(iii)
Indebtedness among the peasants.
10.
How did the development programmes undertaken by the French indirectly help the
Vietnamese people?
(i)
Development works like canal construction provided employment to many people.
(ii)
Agricultural production increased. Farmers got surplus output to export.
(iii)
Education brought modern ideas to Vietnam.
(iv)
Standard of living of the people improved.
11.
What were the drawbacks of the development programmes undertaken by the French
in Vietnam?
(i)
The French did not take any steps to industrialise Vietnam.
(ii)
Indentured workers life was miserable.
(iii)
Land reforms did not create employment.
(iv)
Education was limited to upper class people.
12.
Examine the nature of the colonial economy of Vietnam?
(i)
Economy of Vietnam during the colonial period was based on rice cultivation and
rubber plantations. These were owned by the French and the Vietnamese
landlords.
(ii)
Industrialization did not take place.
(iii)
Landlordism continued to exist.
(iv)
Standard of living of the people was poor.
13.
Why did the French introduce modern education in Vietnam?
The French introduced modern education:-
(i)
to spread western culture and civilization.
(ii)
to get educated workers for low-paid jobs.
(iii)
to make the Vietnamese , their loyal supporters.
14.
What was the nature of the dilemma that the French faced in the area of
imparting education to Vietnamese? Or
“There were two broad opinions on the new education policy introduced by the
French in Vietnam”. Examine.
The French wanted to civilise the people of Vietnam. They
were also in the need of an educated labour force. So, they decided to
introduce modern education.
At the same time, the French had a fear that the education would create the
following problems:-
(i)
Educated people may oppose colonial domination.
(ii)
The colons feared that, they would lose their jobs to the educated Vietnamese.
15.
What was the controversy about the language to be used in Vietnam? How was it
resolved? Or what were the two broad opinions regarding
the medium of education in Vietnam?
Some people argued that the French should
be used as the medium of education. It would help in spreading western culture
and civilisation.
Some others argued that Vietnamese should be the medium in the lower classes
and French in the higher classes. Those who learn French and adopt French
culture could be given French citizenship. Finally, the rich were allowed to
study in French schools and poor in the Vietnamese
schools.
16.
“Only one-third of the students in Vietnam would pass in the school leaving
examinations”-Explain.
The colons had a fear that the educated Vietnamese would
take away their jobs. So, the government followed a policy of deliberately
failing the students in school leaving examinations. So, only one-third of the
students could pass.
17.
What was the attitude of the Vietnamese towards the French educational policy?
(i)
The Vietnamese people had a fear that the French education would destroy their
culture and traditions.
(ii)
They were against the policy of deliberately failing the students.
(iii)
Education was limited to rich people.
(iv)
School textbooks glorified French rule and culture and degraded Vietnamese
culture.
18.
What were the drawbacks of the educational system introduced by the French in
Vietnam?
(i)
The government followed the policy of deliberately failing the students.
(ii)
Education was limited to the rich people.
(III)
The textbooks glorified the French rule and culture and degraded Vietnamese
culture.
19.
What were the drawbacks of the school textbooks introduced by the French in
Vietnam? Or how did the French make use of the educational system and textbooks
to degrade the Vietnamese culture and spread their culture?
(i)
The school textbooks glorified French culture and supported French rule.
(ii)
The Vietnamese were shown as primitive and backward people.
(iii)
The Vietnamese could do only manual labour not intellectual
labour.
(iv)
The children were made to believe that only French rule could provide peace to
Vietnam.
(v)
The schools forced the students to give up Vietnamese lifestyle and follow
French lifestyle.
20.
“The battle against French colonial education became a part of the larger
battle against colonialisation”-Explain. Or “Education was one of the spheres
of everyday life in which political battle against colonialism was fought”-
Explain. [Or] How did the teachers and students of Vietnam resist the French
colonial rule?
(i)
Teachers and students did not follow the curriculum blindly. They opposed it
openly.
(ii)
Students organised a movement against the Saigon Native Girls schools which
expelled a student.
(iii)
They formed political parties like Party of Young Annan and published a journal
called Annanese Student.
21.
“The government made the Saigon Native Girls school to take back the students
it had expelled”- Explain.
In Saigon Native Girls School, a Vietnamese girl sitting in
the first bench was asked to go to the back bench in order to allow a colon
girl to occupy the firs bench. She was expelled from the school when she
refused to obey. The students who opposed this action were also expelled. This
led to large scale protests. So, the government asked the school to take
back the students.
22.
“Rats were most common in the modern newly built areas of Hanoi”- Explain. Or
why was the newly built city of Hanoi infected by rats and plague?
The French part of the city of Hanoi was beautiful with all
modern facilities. The native part was unclean without sanitation facilities.
The dirty water from the old city joined the river. The sewers of modern city
became a breeding ground of rats. The rats entered the French houses through
sewage pipes and spread plague.
23.
What was the rat hunt? What were its results? Or why and how were the
Vietnamese used in the rat hunt?
The modern city of Hanoi was affected by plague. It was
spread by the rats which lived in sewers. So, rats had to be killed. Vietnamese
were employed to kill the rats. The workers started collective bargaining. Some
of them cut the tail to show as proof and released the rats. Some of them
reared rats to earn money.
24.
What role did religion play during nationalist movement in Vietnam?
(i)
The French effort to destroy the religious believes and traditions of Vietnam
created anti-French feelings.
(ii)
Scholars’ revolt was organised by the French.
(iii)
Hoa Hao movement encouraged anti-french feelings among the people.
(iv)
Political parties got the support of the religious groups in the struggle
for freedom.
25.
Explain the contradictory relationship which the religious groups of Vietnam
had with mainstream nationalism.
(i)
Political parties got the support of the religious groups. However, they did
not support the activities of the religious groups.
(ii)
Political parties had no control over the religious groups.
26.
What ideas did Phan Boi Chau and Phan Chu Trinh share in common? What did they
differ in?[ Or] What were Phan Chu Trinh’s objectives? How were his ideas
different from those of Phan Boi Chau? [Or ] How did Vietnamese differ on the
question of modernisation and nationalism?
Vietnamese nationalists like Phan Boi Chau and Phan Chu
Trinh wanted Vietnam to be independent and modern. However, they differed on
the following issues:
|
PHAN
BOI CHAU
|
PHAN
CHU TRINH
|
|
(i)
He accepted monarchy.
(ii)
He did not want to revolt against monarchy.
(iii)
He wanted to get the help of monarchy to oppose French rule.
(iv)
He supported Vietnamese culture and opposed western ideas.
(v)
He wanted to establish a constitutional monarchy.
|
He
wished to overthrow monarchy.
He
planned an uprising against monarchy.
He
did not want to get the help of monarchy.
He
supported modern ideas like liberty, fraternity and equality.
He
wanted to establish a republic.
|
27.
“Early Vietnamese nationalists had close relationship with Japan and china”-
explain by giving examples.
(i)
Japan became a modern nation. So, Vietnamese considered it as a model. The
people who escaped from french police took refuge in Japan.
(ii)
Many students went to Japan in the name of education, but their real aim was to
get Japan’s support for freedom struggle.
(iii)
They set up restoration society in Japan.
(iv)
Sun Yat Sen’s movement ,which overthrew monarchy in China, inspired
Vietnamese nationalists.
28.
How did the great depression of 1930 affect Vietnam?
(i)
Great depression led to a fall in the prices of rice and rubber. This affected
the farmers badly.
(ii)
Export earnings of Vietnam decreased sharply.
(iii)
Unemployment and poverty became severe.
(iv)
It led to many revolts in villages.
29.
Examine the role played by Ho Chi Minh in the Vietnamese struggle for freedom.
[Or] Present a brief profile of Ho Chi Minh.
Ho Chi Minh was the greatest leader of the Vietnamese
freedom struggle. He:
(i)
united the nationalist groups and formed the Indo-Chinese communist party.
(ii)
became the president of North Vietnam and introduced many socialist policies.
(iii)
formed a people’s army called Vietminh to fight against foreign powers.
(iv)
led the communists and the struggle for freedom for 40 years.
(v)
organised his people for their heroic struggle against American troops.
30.
Explain any four challenges faced by the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.
(i)
The french troops tried to re-establish their control over Vietnam. So, the new
republic had to fight a war.
(ii)
Vietnam was divided into two parts in the Geneva Conference.
(iii)
The U.S.A entered into the Vietnamese war. So, the new republic had to fight
against the most powerful country of the world.
(iv)
Use of chemical weapons and destruction of towns and villages by the American
forces made the people’s life miserable.
31.
Why was he National Liberation Front (NLF) set up? or Examine the events that
turned Vietnam into a war zone after 1954.
Bao Dai’s government in South Vietnam was overthrown by Ngo
Dinh Diem. He set up an oppressive and dictatorial government. Anyone who
opposed him was called a communist and jailed. He allowed Christianity and
banned Buddhism. So, the people turned against him. They formed the NLF and
started a war against his government with the support of North Vietnam.
32.
Explain the causes of U.S involvement in the war in Vietnam. What effect this
involvement had on the life within U.S.A itself? Or Why did the American policy
makers decide to interfere in the Vietnamese war? How did the people of America
respond to it?
The U.S.A decided to interfere in Vietnamese war because:
(i)
America was strongly against communist movement. They had a fear that the
victory of communists of Vietnam would lead to the spread of communism in Asia.
(ii)
The U.S.A policy makers underestimated the strength of the Vietnamese
nationalists. They expected a quick
victory.
Effects of life within U.S.A
(i)
American people opposed their county’s involvement in the war.
(ii)
Only non-graduates had to join the army. So, many poor men had to go to
Vietnam.
(iii)
Many Americans were killed and many were wounded. So, their relatives turned
against the government.
(iv)
Many books were written and films were made to show the sufferings of the
American troops.
33.
How did the U.S media and films respond to America’s involvement in Vietnamese
war?
U.S media and films were divided over the issue of U.S
involvement in Vietnamese war. Some movies like Green Berets directed by John
Wayne supported the war. Some other movies like ‘Apocalypse Now’, directed by
John Ford Coppola opposed the war and showed its bad effects.
34.
What do you mean by Ho Chi Minh’s Trail? Examine its importance.
Ho Chi Minh’s Trail was a network of roads and footpaths.
Most of the trail was in Laos and Cambodia. It was used by the Vietnamese in
their war against the U.S forces.
(i)
It was used to transport goods and people from North Vietnam to South Vietnam.
(ii)
It was used for the quick movement of forces from one war front to the other.
(iii)
It was used to supply food, arms and ammunition to the soldiers.
(iv)
It had support bases and hospitals along the way.
35.
What was the role of women in anti-imperialist struggle in Vietnam?
(i)
Plays, novels and paintings were made about the heroic women of the past such
as Trung sisters and Trieu Au in order to create patriotism among the people.
(ii)
Women joined the army and fought bravely against the American troops. They
succeeded in shooting down war planes.
(iii)
They were dedicated workers. They carried rifle on their back and worked in the
field.
(iv)
They were involved in nursing the injured, constructing underground rooms and
tunnels.
(v)
They worked as helpers in Ho Chi Minh’s Trail. They carried goods.
36.
How did the war in Vietnam come to an end? Or why did U.S.A decide to withdraw
from Vietnam?
(i)
Common people of the U.S.A opposed their country’s involvement in the war.
Movies and media showed the miseries of the American soldiers.
(ii)
American forces suffered heavy damages. Many were killed in the war.
(iii)
World opinion turned against the U.S. many writers and thinkers supported
Vietnam.
(iv)
A peace agreement was signed in January 1974 and the war ended when
Saigon was freed
