Class 8th: Ch 3 Mineral and Power Resources Geography

Class 8th: Ch 3 Mineral and Power Resources Geography

Excercises

1. Answer the following questions.

(i) Name any three common minerals used by you everyday.

Answer

Salt, Gold and Copper are three common minerals used everyday

(ii) What is an ore? Where are the ores of metallic minerals generally located?

Answer

Rocks from which minerals are mined are known as ores. For any material to be called ore of any mineral, it must contain minimum adequate quantity of that mineral so that it can be extracted profitably.

(iii) Name two regions rich in natural gas resources.

Answer

Russia and Norway are the two regions rich in natural gas resources.

(iv) Which sources of energy would you suggest for

(a) Rural areas
(b) Coastal areas
(c) Arid regions

Answer

(a) Biogas energy for rural areas
(b) Hydel and tidal energy for coastal areas
(c) Wind and solar energy for arid regions

(v) Give five ways in which you can save energy at home.

Answer

Five ways in which energy can be saved at home:
→ Switching off lights, fans and other electrical appliances when not in use
→ By seeing to it that electrical devices are operating efficiently; for example, defrosting refrigerator regularly and not keeping the refrigerator door open for longer than necessary
→ Using energy-efficient devices such as fluorescent bulbs and tubes
→ Using energy efficiently while cooking; for example, keeping the lids of pans on while cooking
→ Unplugging electrical devices when not in use prevents leakage of electricity; thus saving energy.

2. Tick the correct answer.

(i) Which one of the following is nota characteristic of minerals?
(a) They are created by natural processes.
(b) They have a definite chemical composition.
(c) They are inexhaustible.
(d) Their distribution is uneven.
► (c) They are inexhaustible.

(ii) Which one of the following is nota producer of mica?
(a) Jharkhand
(b) Karnataka
(c) Rajasthan
(d) Andhra Pradesh
► (b) Karnataka

(iii) Which one of the following is a leading producer of copper in the world?
(a) Bolivia
(b) Ghana
(c) Chile
(d) Zimbabwe
► (c) Chile

(iv) Which one of the following practises will not conserve LPG in your kitchen?
(a) Soaking the dal for some time before cooking it.
(b) Cooking food in a pressure cooker.
(c) Keeping the vegetables chopped before lighting the gas for cooking.
(d) Cooking food in an open pan kept on low flame.
► (d) Cooking food in an open pan kept on low flame.

3. Give reasons.

(i) Environmental aspects must be carefully looked into before building huge dams.

Answer

Environmental aspects must be carefully looked into before building huge dams because of the following reasons -
→ Dams create imbalance in the earth’s equilibrium.
→. Deforestation leads to environmental pollution.
→ People become displaced.

→ Cities / villages / towns may require shifting causing lot of hardships for the people.
→ Flood threats loom large.
→ Earthquake threats
→ Silting of lakes is a problem.

(ii) Most industries are concentrated around coal mines.

Answer

Coal is used as a source of energy and power and also as a raw material in most of the industries. Hence most industries are concentrated around coal mines of the purpose saving cost of transportation of coal (cost effectiveness).

(iii) Petroleum is referred to as “black gold”.

Answer

Petroleum is referred to as “black gold” because it is black in colour in the crude form and its derivatives are extremely valuable as petroleum itself. Today it is almost inevitable in our day-to-day life. A variety of products like – kerosene, diesel, petrol, wax, plastics, lubricants etc. are produced from these mineral resources.

(iv) Quarrying can become a major environmental concern.

Answer

Quarrying can become a major environmental concern because of the following reasons:
→ It may destroy the humus of soil which is much required for the growth of plants and crops.
→It produces a lot of noise pollution due to use of explosives at times in order to break the huge chunks of rocks.
→ In the process of quarrying lot of dust is generated which causes air pollution and also occupational hazards.
→ Blasting done in the process of quarrying generate vibration which damage in the nearby buildings, dams or any other similar structure.

4. Distinguish between the following.

(i) Conventional and non-conventional sources of energy

Conventional sources of energy	Non-conventional sources of energy
Have been in common use for a long time	Are not commonly used
Are generally exhaustible	Are generally inexhaustible
Are mostly polluting	Are mostly non-polluting
Example: Firewood, coal	Example: Solar energy, nuclear energy

(ii) Biogas and natural gas

Biogas	Natural gas
Formed using organic wastes such as dead plant and animal matter, animal dung and kitchen waste	Found along with petroleum deposits and gets released when crude oil is brought to the surface
Is a non-conventional source of energy	Is a conventional source of energy
Is easily available, especially in rural areas	Is not easily available; very few countries have sufficient natural gas reserves of their own
Is polluting; causes greenhouse effect as it releases carbon dioxide	Is a cleaner fuel
Used as a domestic fuel for cooking and lighting	Used as a domestic fuel as well as an industrial fuel

(iii) Ferrous and non-ferrous minerals

Ferrous mineral	Non-ferrous mineral
A metallic mineral that contains iron	A metallic mineral that does not contain iron
Example: Iron ore, manganese	Example: Gold, silver

(iv) Metallic and non-metallic minerals

Metallic mineral	Non-metallic mineral
A mineral containing metal in raw form	A mineral not containing metal
Example: Bauxite, iron ore	Example: Limestone, gypsum

Class 10 SST Work Life and Leisure Important Questions

Class 10 SST Work Life and Leisure

Short Answer Type Questions

Q.1: - What steps were taken to clean up London?

Ans.:- 1. Attempts were made to decongest localities, green the open spaces reduce pollution and landscape the city.

          2. Large blocks of apartments were built.

          3. Demands were made for ‘New Lungs’ for the city and the idea of green belt around London was offered.

Q.2: - Give three reasons why the population of London expended from the middle of the 18th century?

Ans.:- 1. Industrialization was the most important factor which attracted people to London.

          2. The textile industry of London attracted a large number of migrants.

          3. The city of London attracted people from all walks of life like clerks, shopkeepers, soldiers, servants, laborers, beggars etc.

Q.3: - How did people entertain themselves in the ‘chawls’?

Ans.:-1. Magicians, Monkey players or acrobats used to perform their acts on the streets.

         2. The Nandi bull used to predict the future.

         3. Chawls were also the place for the exchange of news about jobs, strikes, riots or demonstrations.

Q.4: - Explain the social change in London which led to the need for underground?

Ans.:- 1. British made a million houses, single family cottages.

          2. Now people could not walk to work and this led to the development of underground railways.

          3. By 1880, the expended train services were carrying 40 million passengers in a year.

Q.5: - What was the status of the women folk in the conservative industrial towns?

Ans.:- 1. Women of upper and middle classes faced higher level of isolation, although their lives were made easier by domestic maids.

          2. Women who worked for wages had some control over their lives particularly among the lower social classes.

          3. As women lost their industrial jobs and conservative people railed against their presence in public plans, women were forced to withdraw into their homes.

Important Questions

Give two reasons why the population of London expanded from the middle of the eighteenth century.
Answer  The city of London was a magnet for the migrant populations due to the job opportunities provided by its dockyards and industries. By 1750, one out of every nine people of England and Wales lived in London. So, the population of London kept expanding through the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
→ During the first world war, London began manufacturing motor cars and electrical goods. This increased the number of large factories, which in turn increased the number of people coming to the city in search of work.

 What were the changes in the kind of work available to women in London between the nineteenth and the twentieth century? Explain the factors which led to this change.
Answer Changes in the kind of work available to women in London between the nineteenth and the twentieth century were primarily based on industrial and technological advancements. Consequently, women had to work in households for a living, and this led to an increase in the number of domestic servants. Some women also began to earn by lodging out rooms, tailoring, washing or making matchboxes. With the coming of the First World War though, women once again joined the industrial sector.

 How does the existence of a large urban population affect each of the following? Illustrate with historical examples.
(a) A private landlord
(b) A Police Superintendent in charge of law and order
(c) A leader of a political party
Answer (a) A private landlord benefits by increasing the rent and he has more control over the price. The rising population would lead to increasing demand for space, e.g. renting of buildings at high rates were common in London and Bombay.

(b) Anyone involved with law and order would find it difficult with increasing population in urban areas. He would have to work hard to maintain law and order as crime rates are usually high in cities. For example, London people employed policemen to curb the rising crimes during night.
(c) Political leaders would have more people voting and hence more responsibilities. In cities, masses of people could be drawn to the political causes as it happened in the Bloody Sunday of November, 1887 in London. The metropolitan character of cities would compel him/her to be more secular and liberal on the one hand. On the other hand, extremism or conservatism might also win them votes as a reactionary phenomenon, e.g. rise of Nazis in Germany or Liberal Democrats in France.

4. Give explanations for the following:
(a) Why well-off Londoners supported the need to build housing for the poor in the nineteenth century.
(b) Why a number of Bombay films were about the lives of migrants.
(c) What led to the major expansion of Bombay's population in the mid-nineteenth century.
Answer (a) Well-off Londoners supported the need to build housing for the poor in the nineteenth century on account of three reasons:

→ one-room houses of the poor came to be seen as the breeding ground of diseases, and hence, a threat to public health

→ Fire hazards became a worry in these over-crowded, badly ventilated, unhygienic homes 

→ There was a widespread fear of social disorder, especially after the 1917 Russian Revolution. Housing schemes were undertaken to avoid a rebellion by the poor.

(b) Bombay became an attractive destination for people seeking jobs after the British administration replaced Surat with Bombay as its principal western port. The consequent increase in trade and industries led to a great influx of people. Thus, migrants were (and still are) an important facet of Bombay. Most of the people in the film industry were migrants themselves, and wanted to portray the plight of this class of people through films. Thus, a number of Bombay films were about the lives of migrants.

(c) In mid-seventeenth century, Bombay became East India Company's principal western port, replacing Surat. Later, by the end of the nineteenth century, it had become an important administrative as well as industrial centre. All through these years, the prospects for trade and commerce, and employment kept increasing, thereby making Bombay an attractive destination for migrants.

Discussion Questions

1. What forms of entertainment came up in nineteenth century England to provide leisure activities for the people.

Answer There were many forms of entertainment came up in nineteenth century England:
→ For the upper classes, an annual "London Season" comprised of opera, the theatre and classical music events was one of the sources of leisure.
→ For the working classes, pubs, discussions and meetings for political action served the same purpose.
→ Libraries, art galleries and museums were new types of entertainment brought about through the utilisation of state money.
→ Music halls and cinema theatres too became immensely popular with the lower classes.
→ Industrial workers were encouraged to undertake seaside vacations to rejuvenate from the banes of working in the polluting environment of factories.

2. Explain the social changes in London which led to the need for the Underground railway. Why was the development of the Underground criticised?

Answer The development of suburbs as a part of the drive to decongest London led to the extension of the city beyond the range where people could walk to work. Though these suburbs had been built, the people could not be persuaded to leave the city and stay far away from their places of work in the absence of some form of public transport. The Underground railway was constructed to solve this housing problem. It was criticized intially because:
→ A newspaper reported the danger to health and asphyxiation (lack of air) and heat.
→ It was referred to as iron monsters, which added to the mess of the city. Charles Dickens in ‘Dombey and Son’ described its destructive process in construction.
→ About 900 houses were destroyed to make two miles of railways.

3. Explain what is meant by the Haussmanisation of Paris. To what extent would you support or oppose this form of development? Write a letter to the editor of a newspaper, to either support or oppose this, giving reasons for your view
Answer Haussmanisation of Paris refers to the forcible reconstruction of cities to enhance their beauty and impose order. The poor were evicted from the centre of Paris to reduce the possibility of political rebellion and to beautify the city.

Answer 2 : Baron Haussman was the town planner who tried to build a perfect city of Paris. In the process, a large number of people were displaced. Although it resulted in the development of a beautiful city, but it ended up alienating a lot of people in the process.

A city does not develop only because of its beautiful buildings and well planned transport network. The city also develops because of its people. A city is always a mosaic of varieties of people who contribute in their own way in developing the soul of the city. Rich and poor; everyone has his own role to play in development of a city. Haussmanisation may sound good in theory but has no place in practical life.
4. To what extent does government regulation and new laws solve problems of pollution? Discuss one example each of the success and failure of legislation to change the quality of
(a) public life
(b) private life

Answer Government laws play an important role in controlling the rates of pollution in a city. However, simply passing laws is not enough. They need to be properly enforced as well. It is also a fact that people tend to find ways of getting around laws. So, apart from legislations, government also needs to carry out intensive public awareness programmes aimed at educating the public about the need and ways of controlling pollution; and about how they too have a stake in environmental governance.
Public Life:
• Failure: The Underground railway enhanced transport, but caused the demolition of many houses, rendering their inhabitants homeless.
• Success: The British state used public funds to provide for entertainment forms such as museums, art galleries and libraries for the working classes.

Private Life:
• Failure: The availability of one-room tenements and no housing facilities for a major part of the industrial revolution time period caused the family to get divided into smaller units. There were even cases where rural people had to leave their families behind and live alone in the urban areas where they worked.
• Success: British administrative officials built houses in new suburbs for fulfilling the housing needs of the working classes.

AMEND EDUCATION ACADEMY Class 10 CIVICS gender religion and caste Extra questions

• AMEND EDUCATION ACADEMY  http://www.amendeducation.com/

·         Short Answer Type Questions:

·         Q1. Explain the factors responsible for low female literacy rate.

·         Ans. (1)Indian society is basically a patriarchal society where boys are given preference over the girls.

·                 (2)The parents do not expense equally for both boys and girls. Boys are given more attention.

·                 (3)It is a prevailing stereotype for women that even after getting well education, they have to do household jobs.

·         Q2. What do you mean by secular state ? Give any two provisions that make India a secular state ?

·         Ans. A nation or state which keeps itself equidistant from different religious issues, and does not give protection to a particular religion.

·                 (1) India is a country of diverse religions. It was the religions on the basis of which India was divided. Unlike Pakistan Buddhism in Sri Lanka. Christianity in England.

·                 (2) The constitution provides to all individuals and communities freedom to profess practice and propagate any religion.

·         Q3. In which country was the “Civil Rights Movement” Started? Name any leaders related to this movement? Why did he start this movement?

·         Ans. America, Martin Luther King. The purpose of this movement was to give end to the racial discrimination being practiced against the Afro- Americans.

·         Q4. What do you mean by gender division? How is it linked with division of Labour in most of the societies?

·         Ans. Gender division simply refers to the division of work between the men and the women. Some work especially the households such as cooking, washing, cleaning, etc. are exclusively meant for the women while the man have some other defined areas of work.

·           (1) The gender division between the men and women does not mean that men cannot do household works. They simply think that it is for women to attend the household works. 

·           (2) The gender division also doesn’t mean that women do not work outside their home.

·         Q5. Give three ill-effects of communalism in the society.

·         Ans. (1) A communal thought always tends to establish political dominance offer particular religious community.

·                (2) The country weakens when political parties are formed and political activities are conducted on the communal lines.

·                (3) One of the most ugly face of communalism emerges out in the form of riots, violence and homicides.

•  
• Mention different aspects of life in which women are discriminated or disadvantaged in India.
  Answer: Some of the examples of discrimination against women are as follows:
• The literacy rate among women is only 54 per cent compared with 76 per cent among men.
• The percentage of women in highly paid jobs is still very small. At many workplaces, women are paid less than men for the same job. An Indian woman usually works more hour than an average man on a daily basis.
• Many Indian parents prefer to have a male child. A girl child is killed before her birth in many cases. This has led to an eschewed sex ratio in India.
• There are many reports of harassment against women; both on the domestic front and outside the home.
• State different forms of communal politics with one example each.
  Answer: Many people think of their religion as superior to all other religions. Such people often try to dominate the people from other communities. This can result in people from the minority community to form a separate political unit. In countries; like Sri Lanka, Nepal and Pakistan; a particular religion is the official religion and this practice is propagating majority tyranny.

Sometimes, sacred symbols, religious leaders, emotional appeal, etc. are used to instill a sense of fear among people of a particular community. This is done with an attempt to polarize people on communal lines. Many news articles appear related to fanning communal tension from time to time.

• State how caste inequalities are still continuing in India.
  Answer: Economic inequalities exist on the basis of caste. The upper caste people are usually well off, the backward classes come in between and the dalits and adivasis are at the bottom. The percentage of people below poverty line is much higher among the lowest castes.
• State two reasons to say that caste alone cannot determine election results in India.
  Answer: If a particular constituency has a particular caste in significant number, then most of the political parties try to field their candidate from that caste. Votes from that caste then get divided along different political affiliations. There are many instances when a sitting legislator loses election in spite of the caste equation in favour of him. Most of the political parties focus on a combination of many castes rather than on a single caste; in order to strike a winning arithmetic. These things suggest that caste alone cannot determine election results in India.
• What is the status of women’s representation in India’s legislative bodies?
  Answer: Women’s reservation is very poor in Parliament and state legislatures. Number of women legislatures is not more than 10%. However, the number of women representatives in local governing bodies has increased because of 33% reservation. At present, there are about 10 lakh women in local bodies.
• Mention any two constitutional provisions that make India a secular state.
  Answer: The Constitution of India declares that India is a secular state. Unlike some of the neighbouring countries, there is no official religion for the Indian state.

The constitution gives the people the freedom to practice a religion of their choice. The Constitution prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion.