Class 10 Civics CH-2 FEDERALISM Important Questions SA1

AMEND EDUCATION ACADEMY

Class 10 Civics CH-2 FEDERALISM

Q1. Define

a.    Federalism - Federalism is a system of government in which the power is divided between central authority and various constituent units of the country.

b.    Jurisdiction - The area over which someone has legal authority. The area may be defined in terms of geographical boundaries or in terms of certain kind of subjects.

c.    Coalition Government – A government formed by the coming together of at least two political parties. Usually partners in a political alliance and adopt a common program.

Q2. What are the key features of Federalism?

There are two or more levels (or tiers) of government.

• Different tiers of government govern the same citizens, but each tier has its own jurisdiction in specific matters of legislation, taxation and administration.
• The jurisdictions of the respective levels or tiers of government are specified in the constitution. So the existence and authority of each tier of government is constitutionally guaranteed.
• The fundamental provisions of the constitution cannot be unilaterally changed by one level of government. Such changes require the consent of both the levels of government.
• Courts have the power to interpret the constitution and the powers of different levels of government. The highest court acts as an umpire if disputes arise between different levels of government in the exercise of their respective powers.
• Sources of revenue for each level of government are clearly specified to ensure its financial autonomy.
• The federal system thus has dual objectives: to safeguard and promote unity of the country, while at the same time accommodate regional diversity.

Q3. What are the dual objectives of the Federal system? What are their importances?

The federal system has dual objectives:

1. to safeguard and promote unity of the country while at the same time accommodates regional diversity. Therefore, two aspects are crucial for the institutions and practice of federalism.

2.    Governments at different levels should agree to some rules of power sharing. They should also trust that each would abide by its part of the agreement.

3.    An ideal federal system has both aspects: mutual trust and agreement to live together.

,Make a list of Jurisdiction.

Union List: Union List includes subjects of national importance; such as defence of the country, foreign affairs, banking, communications and currency. They are included in this list because we need a uniform policy on these matters throughout the country. The Union Government alone can make laws relating to the subjects mentioned in the Union List.

State List: State List contains subjects of State and local importance such as police, trade, commerce, agriculture and irrigation. The State Governments alone can make laws relating to the subjects mentioned in the State List.

Concurrent List: Concurrent List includes subjects of common interest to both the Union Government as well as the State Governments, such as education, forest, trade unions, marriage, adoption and succession. Both the Union as well as the State Governments can make laws on the subjects mentioned in this list. If their laws conflict with each other, the law made by the Union Government will prevail.

Residuary List: Anything out of purview of above mentioned list is taken as residuary subject. Union Government has the power to legislate on these subjects.

Q4  Write a note about special jurisdiction of Jammu and Kashmir

Jammu and Kashmir has its own Constitution. Many provisions of the Indian Constitution are not applicable to this State without the approval of the State Assembly. Indians who are not permanent residents of this State cannot buy land or house here. Similar special provisions exist for some other States of India as well.

 Q5 What do you mean by sharing of power between the Union Government and the State governments

There are some units of the Indian Union which enjoy very little power. These are areas which are too small to become an independent State but which could not be merged with any of the existing States. These areas, like Chandigarh, or Lakshadweep or the capital city of Delhi, are called Union Territories. These territories do not have the powers of a State. The Central Government has special powers in running these areas.

This sharing of power between the Union Government and the State governments is basic to the structure of the Constitution. It is not easy to make changes to this power sharing arrangement. The Parliament cannot on its own change this arrangement. Any change to it has to be first passed by both the Houses of Parliament with at least two-thirds majority. Then it has to be ratified by the legislatures of at least half of the total States.

Q6 Why is India called a successful Federalism Country

Reasons for Success of Federalism in India

Linguistic States: The creation of Linguistic States was the first and a major test for democratic politics in our country. This was done to ensure that people who spoke the same language lived in the same State. Some States were created not on the basis of language but to recognise the differences based on culture, ethnicity or geography, e.g. Nagaland, Uttarakhand and Jharkhand.
Language policy: A second test for Indian federation is the language policy. Our Constitution did not give the status of national language to any one language. Hindi was identified as the official language. But Hindi is the mother tongue of only about 40 per cent of Indians. Therefore, there were many safeguards to protect other languages. Besides Hindi, there are 21 other languages recognised as Scheduled Languages by the Constitution. Hindi was not imposed on non-Hindi areas for most of the period after the independence.
Centre-State relations: Restructuring the Centre-State relations is one more way in which federalism has been strengthened in practice

Q7 Bring out the contrast between Federal and unitary government?

. In this sense federation are contrasted with unitary governments –

1.    Under unitary system either there is only one level of government or the subunits are subordinate to the central government.

2.    The central government can pass orders to the provinces or the local government. But in the federal system, the central government cannot order the state government to do something.

3.    State governments have powers of its own for which it is not answerable to the central government. Both these governments are separately answerable to the people

Q8 How has federal power sharing became more effective in India after 1990(or Today)?

1.    Things changed significantly after 1990. This period saw the rise of regional political parties in many states of the country.

2.    This was also the beginning of the era of coalition governments at the centre.

3.    Since no single party got a clear majority in the Lok Sabha, the major national parties had to enter into an alliance with many parties including several regional parties to form a government at the centre. This led to a new culture of power sharing and respect for the autonomy of state government.

4.    This trend was supported by a major judgment of the Supreme Court that made it difficult for the central government to dismiss state governments in an arbitrary manner.

5.    Thus, federal power sharing is more effective today then it was in the early years after the constitution came into force.

Q9 State any difference between the local government before and after 73^rd Amendment Act 1992.

A major step towards decentralization was taken in 1992.The constitution was amended to make the third-tier of democracy more powerful and effective.

1.    Now it is constitutionally mandatory to hold regular elections to local government bodies.

2.    Seats are reserved in the elected bodies and the executive heads of these institutions for the scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and other backward classes.

3.    At least 50% of all positions are reserved for women.

4.    An independent institution called the state election commission has been created in each state to conduct panchayat and municipal elections.

5.    The state governments are required to share some powers and revenue with local governments bodies. The nature of sharing varies state to state.

Q10 How has the Amendment Act of 1992 made the third-tier democracy (Local Government) more powerful and effective?

1.    Now t is constitutionally mandatory to hold regular elections to local govt.  Bodies.

2.    Seats are reserved in the elected bodies and the executive heads of this institution for the scheduled castes, STs and OBC’s.

3.    At least 50% of all positions are reserved for women.

4.    An independent institution called the state Election Commission has been created in each state to conduct panchayat and municipal elections.

5.    The state governments are required to show some powers and revenue with local government bodies. The nature of sharing varies from state to state.

Q11 Briefly explain the levels of rural local government in India.     OR

 How has Panchayat Raj system been organized?

Rural local government is popularly known by the name of Panchayati Raj

A.   VILLAGE LEVEL

1.    Each village or a group of villagers in some states has a gram panchayat. This is a council consisting of several ward members, often called panch and a president or sarpanch. All the adult population living in that ward or village directly elects them.

2.    The Panchayat work under the overall supervision of the gram sabha. All the voters in the village are its members. It has to meet at least twice or thrice in a year to approve the annual budget of the gram panchayat and to review the performance of the gram panchayat.

B.   BLOCK LEVEL

A few gram panchayats are grouped together to form what is usually called a panchayat samiti or block or mandal. All the panchayat members in that area elect the members of this representative body.

C.   DISTRICT LEVEL

All the panchayat samitis or mandals in a district together constitute the Zilla (district) parishad. Most members of the Zilla parishad are elected. Members of the Lok Sabha and MLA’s of that district and some other officials of other district level bodies are also its members. Zilla parishad chairperson is the political head of the Zilla parishad.

Q12 How are local bodies organized in urban areas?

Local government bodies exist for urban areas as well

1.    Municipalities are set up towns

2.    Big cities are constituted into Municipal Corporation.

3.    Elected bodies consisting of people’s representatives control both municipalities and municipal corporations.

4.    Municipal chairperson is the political head of the Municipality.

5.    In a municipal corporation such as officer is called the mayor.

Q13. What is gram sabha?

It is the village parliament (legislature). The panchayat under overall supervision of the gram sabha. All the voters in the village are its member .it has to meet at least twice or thrice n a year to approve the annual budget of the gram panchayat and to review the performance of the gram panchayat.

Class 10 SST Economics Sectors of Indian Economy

Amend Education Academy

Sectors of Indian Economy

Class 10 SST

Economics

Classify the following list of occupations under primary, secondary and tertiary sectors: (Tailor, Basket weaver, Flower cultivator, Milk vendor, Fishermen, Priest, Courier, Workers in match factory, Money lender, Gardener, Potter, Bee-keeper, Astronaut, Call centre employee)
Answer: Primary Sector: Basket weaver, Flower cultivator, Milk vendor, Fishermen, Money lender, Gardener, Potter, Bee-keeper
Secondary Sector: Workers in match factory
Tertiary Sector: Tailor, Priest, Courier, Money lender, Astronaut, Call centre employee

Important questions

Explain the difference between primary, secondary and tertiary sectors using examples other than those mentioned in the text.
Answer:

Primary Sector	Secondary Sector	Tertiary Sector
This sector is involved with agriculture and direct use of natural resources.	This sector involved with large scale processing of natural resources; aimed at value addition.	It is involved with supporting the activities of primary and seconary sectors.
Example: Farming, apiculture, cattle farming, etc.	Example: Manufacturing INDUSTRIES Iron and steel industry, sugar mill, shoe factory, etc.	Example: School Banking, transportation, BPO, consultancy, etc.

• What does the history of developed countries indicate about the shifts that have taken place between sectors?’
  Answer: At the time of early settlements and civilization all economic activity was in primary sector majorly. When the food production became surplus people’s looked for other needs. This led to the development of secondary sector. The growth of secondary sector spread its impact during industrial revolution in nineteenth century. After growth of economic activity a support system was the need to facilitate the industrial activity. Certain sectors like Banking and transport had an important role in supporting the industrial activity and comprised the tertiary sector.
• Correct and arrange the important aspects for calculating GDP from this Jumble. (To count goods and services we add the numbers that are produced. We count all those that were produced in the last five years. Since we shouldn’t leave out anything we add up all these goods and services.)
  Answer: Because of the reason that we shouldn’t leave out anything we add up all these goods and services. To count goods and services we add the items that are produced. We count all those that were produced during last five years.

Answer the following questions:

• Which was the largest producing sector in 1973?
  Answer: Primary sector
• Which is the largest producing sector in 2003?
  Answer: Tertiary sector
• Can you say which sector has grown the most over thirty years?
  Answer: Tertiary sector
• What was the GDP of India in 2003?
  Answer: About 200,000 crore (in Rs)

·  Underemployment occurs when people

• Do not want to work
• Are working in a lazy manner
• Are working less than what they are capable of doing
• Are not paid for their work

Answer: Are working less than what they are capable of doing

·  Compare and contrast the changes in India with the pattern that was observed for developed countries. What kind of changes between sectors were desired but did not happen in India?
Answer: In developed countries, the origin of the economy happened as a normal pattern. Growth in the primary sector than secondry and tertiary afterwards. The employment generation also kept pace with related changes in different sectors. The case of India is somewhat different. The growth of the primary sector was not followed by the growth of the secondary sector, rather it was the tertiary sector which took the lead. But employment generation in either the secondary or tertiary sector could not keep pace. Even today a larger number of people depend on the primary sector for employment; compared to the other two sectors. This shows a disturbing trend because the primary sector ha to deal with with the problem of hidden unemployment.

NCERT QUESTIONS

• What is the percentage of workers in the unorganized sector in this city?
  Answer: 70%
• Do you think the classification of economic activities into primary, secondary and tertiary is useful? Explain how.
  Answer: The classification of economic activities into primary, secondary and tertiary sector is useful from many aspects. It helps the finance  specialists to understand the problems and opportunities in an economy in a better way. Also The government can utilize the information to bring various welfare programmes and supportive measures to grow the economy so that there could be better employment generation.
• For each of the sectors that we came across in this chapter why should one focus on employment and GDP? Could there be other issues which should be examined? Discuss.
  Answer: GDP gives an overall picture of the economy and contribution by various sectors. It gives a ready- reference for policymakers. Hence, GDP has its importance in analysis of economic performance. All the economic activities are done with the sole purpose of earning livelihood and hence data regarding employment generation are important. Apart from these information, we also need to look at the growth pattern in various sectors; on different parameters.
• What do you understand by disguised unemployment? Explain with an example each from the urban and rural areas.
  Answer: When a person appears to be working but his potential is not being fully utilised; he is facing disguised unemployment. The worker; in this case; is working in a particular occupation because he does not have anything better to do. Compulsion; rather than choice is the main deciding factor in this case. In case of rural areas, many people may be working on a small plot of land when the work could have been done by a few people. The additional people are working because they do not have anything better to do. This is the classic case of hidden unemployment. In urban areas; a shop may be shared by many brothers and all of them may be working in the same shop. They could have diversified into more gainful employment but sticking to their shop because they may not be getting opportunities.

• Distinguish between open unemployment and disguised unemployment.
  Asnwer: When a person is without work, this is called unemployment. When a person is doing a job but is unable to fulfill his potential because he is not getting something better to do, this is called disguised unemployment. The person may be sticking to the occupation because of various reasons; like lack of employment opportunities, lack of resources, etc.
• “Tertiary sector is not playing any significant role in the development of Indian economy.” Do you agree? Give reasons in support of your answer.
  Asnwer: This statement is partially true. When we look at the growth of tertiary sector from 1973 to 2003, then it can be said that this sector has shown good growth. Moreover, the tertiary sector is the largest contributor to the GDP in 2003; which is another positive for this sector. But when the percentage of employment is analysed, tertiary sector has failed to generate employment which could match with its contribution in the GDP. Hence, it can be said that the tertiary sector has not grown in terms of employment generation.
• Explain the objective of implementing the NREGA 2005.
  Asnwer: NREGA 2005 was implemented with the prime objective of fulfilling the ‘Right to Work’. This progamme provides 100 days’ employment to one member from each family in rural areas. The programme is aimed at eradicating poverty in rural areas. This is also aimed at arresting the large scale migration which has been happening from BIMARU states of India to prosperous cities and states.
• Using examples from your area compare and contrast that activities and functions of private and public sectors.
  Answer: Let us take example of any small city of India and let us try to understand the transport sector. The bus services for long distance travel are provided by the State Transport Corporation; which is a public sector organization. Additionally, many private operators also ply their buses. Workers who are working for the State Transport Corporation get all the employment related benefits, which are usually not available to those working for the private operators.
• Give a few examples of public sector activities and explain why the government has taken them up.
  Answer:

Activities	Reason for government control
Water supply	Water is a  very basic necessity and water supply needs high investment. People need water at highly as low as possible rates.
Railways	large capital is required for laying railway lines and for procuring trains.
Roads	Private builders may not be interested in building roads in remote areas.

• Explain how public sector contributes to the economic development of a nation.
  Answer: Public sector has immense contribution in economic development of a nation. Public sector had provided initial boost to the economy when India was a very poor country. Public sector helped in building the basic industries and infrastructure and thus created an environment in which the private enterprise could thrive. Thus, the public sector has helped in a great way in India’s economic development.
• The workers in the unorganised sector need protection on the following issues : wages, safety and health. Explain with examples.
  Answer: The government specifies the minimum wages from time to time. This is the minimum earning required for meeting a basic quality of life. Many workers in the unorganized sector are not getting even the minimum wages and hence are forced to live in penury. Safety at workplace is another important aspect. Lack of safety can lead to permanent disability or even death of a worker. A healthy worker shall be in a position to contribute to the economy. Hence, an employer should provide proper health benefits to its workers.
• A study in Ahmedabad found that out of 15,00,000 workers in the city, 11,00,000 worked in the unorganised sector. The total income of the city in this year (1997-1998) was Rs 60,000 million. Out of this Rs 32,000 million was generated in the organised sector. Present this data as a table. What kind of ways should be thought of for generating more employment in the city?
  Answer:

	Organised sector	Unorganised sector	Total
Number of workers	400,000	1,100,000	1,500,000
Total income (million rupees)	28,000	32,000	60,000

• It is clear that while a larger portion of workers is working in the unorganized sector, the per capita earning of those in the organized sector is more. The government should encourage the entrepreneurs in the unorganized sector to change them into the organized sector. Moreover, government should introduce some incentives so that more industries could be opened up in the organized sector.

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